Related projects
We build on previous related projects to create a publicly available treebank of ASCs.
PropBank
PropBank project identified and labeled the semantic arguments on the verb.
Tagsets [for more information, see Guidelines (Bonial, Babko-Malaya, Choi, Hwang, & Palmer, 2010)]
Arg0: PROTO-AGENT
Arg1: PROTO-PATIENT
Arg2: benefactive, instrument, attribute
Arg3: the starting point, benefactive, instrument, Attributive
Arg4: end point
ArgM-: (includes a number of modifiers such as TMP, LOC, GOL, etc.)
A set of widely recognized semantic roles (from Palmer, Gildea, & Xue, N, 2011, p.4)
Role |
Description |
Examples |
|---|---|---|
Agent |
Initiator of action, capable of volition |
The batter smashed the pitch into left field |
Patient |
Affected by action, undergoes change of state |
David trimmed his beard |
Theme |
Entity moving, or being “located” |
Poala threw the Frisbee; The picture hangs above the fireplace |
Experiencer |
Perceives action but not in control |
He tasted the delicate flavor of the baby lettuce |
Beneficiary |
For whose benefit action is performed |
He sliced me a large chunk of prime rib |
Instrument |
Intermediary/means used to perform an action |
He shot the wounded buffalo with a rifle |
Location |
Place of object or action |
There are some real monsters hiding in the anxiety closet |
Source |
Starting point |
The jet took off from Nairobi |
Goal |
Ending point |
The ball rolled to the other end of the hall |
References
Palmer, M., Gildea, D., & Kingsbury, P. (2005). The proposition bank: An annotated corpus of semantic roles. Computational linguistics, 31 (1), 71-106.
Palmer, M., Gildea, D., & Xue, N. (2011). Semantic role labeling. Morgan & Claypool Publishers.
FrameNet
FrameNet project identified and labeled frame elements (similar to semantic roles) mostly based on a verb.
Frame elements are less verb specific, but they defined in terms of overall semantic structures (i.e., frames) evoked by the verb; one or more verbs can be associated with a single semantic frame (Hwang, Nielsen, & Palmer, 2010)
References
Fillmore, C. J., Johnson, C. R., & Petruck, M. R. (2003). Background to framenet. International journal of lexicography, 16 (3), 235-250.
VerbNet
VerbNet project demonstrated more specific semantic classes of verbs.
Similar verbs that share similar syntactic realization (frames) based on Levin (1993) were grouped.
References
Schuler, Karin Kipper. 2005. VerbNet: A Broad-Coverage, Comprehensive Verb Lexicon. PhD Dissertation. University of Pennsylvania.
See also https://verbs.colorado.edu/verbnet/
Universal Proposition (UP) Banks
UP project annotated text in different languages with universal semantic role labelling annotations.
This project used the frame and role labels of the English PropBank.
References
Akbik, A., Chiticariu, L., Danilevsky, M., Li, Y., Vaithyanathan, S., & Zhu, H. (2015, July). Generating high quality proposition banks for multilingual semantic role labeling. In Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1) (pp. 397-407).